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@notanastronomer It would be sort of the same in France: you need to have an advisor and thus a plan/subject to be enrolled as a doctorant – and you present your plan to a committee and they’re the ones who take the decision
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@notanastronomer In terms of timing, you would pass your final exams roughly at the same time than you would go in front of your committee, because of the enrolment calendar (which is basically the same for all French universities)